The Portuguese people (Portuguese Portuguese ( português or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal. It is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (namely the Gallaeci, the Lusitanians, the Celtici and the Conii) around 2000 years ago. It spread worldwide in the 15th: os Portugueses; literally the Portuguese) are the ethnic group Ethnicity is an important means through which people can identify themselves. According to "Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World: Science, politics, and reality", a conference organised by Statistics Canada and the United States Census Bureau , "Ethnicity is a fundamental factor in human life: it is a phenomenon inherent in human or nation Though "nation" is also commonly used in informal discourse as a synonym for state or country, a nation is not identical to a state. Countries where the social concept of "nation" coincides with the political concept of "state" are called nation states native to the country of Portugal Portugal /ˈpɔrtʃəɡəl/ , officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos, in the west of the Iberian peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the of south The term Southern Europe, at its most general definition, is used to mean "all countries in the south of Europe". However, the concept, at different times, has had different meanings, providing additional political, linguistic and cultural context to the definition in addition to the typical geographical, phytogeographic or climatic-west Western Europe refers to the countries generally in the westernmost half of Europe, but the definition is complex and carries political connotations. As a result, geographically eastern countries that steered clear of Soviet influence during the Cold War are usually included, while Western members of the former Eastern Bloc (Czech Republic, Poland) Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast. Europe is washed upon to the north by the Arctic Ocean and. Portuguese Portuguese ( português or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal. It is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (namely the Gallaeci, the Lusitanians, the Celtici and the Conii) around 2000 years ago. It spread worldwide in the 15th is their native language and Roman Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church,[note 1] is the world's largest Christian church, and claims over a billion members, representing approximately half of all Christians[note 2] and one-sixth of the world's population. The Catholic Church is a communion of the Western Rite and 22 autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches ( is their predominant nominal religion The most predominant religion in Portugal is Roman Catholicism. Approximately 84% of the population are nominally Catholic, but only about 19% attend mass and take the sacraments regularly. Yet a larger number wish to be baptized, married in the church, and receive last rites.

Once the builders and owners of a global empire The Portuguese Empire was among the first global empires in history, with territories in South America, Africa, India and South East Asia subject to the sovereignty of Portugal. It was also one of the longest lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost five centuries, from the discovery of Brazil in 1500 to the handover of Macau, due to colonization Colonization occurs whenever any one or more species populate an area. The term, which is derived from the Latin colere, "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect," originally related to humans. However, 19th century biogeographers dominated the term to describe the activities of birds, bacteria, or plant species and emigration Emigration is the act of leaving one's native country or region to settle in another. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement before the establishment of political boundaries or within one state, is termed migration. There are many reasons why people might choose to emigrate. Some are for, Portuguese people-related communities can be found in the most diverse regions of the world beyond their native Portugal, from North and South America to Africa and Asia.

Contents

General traits

Modern Portuguese are an Iberian ethnic group and their ancestry is very similar to other western Western Europe refers to the countries generally in the westernmost half of Europe, but the definition is complex and carries political connotations. As a result, geographically eastern countries that steered clear of Soviet influence during the Cold War are usually included, while Western members of the former Eastern Bloc (Czech Republic, Poland) and southern The term Southern Europe, at its most general definition, is used to mean "all countries in the south of Europe". However, the concept, at different times, has had different meanings, providing additional political, linguistic and cultural context to the definition in addition to the typical geographical, phytogeographic or climatic European peoples, particularly from Spain Spain /ˈspeɪn/ (Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), or the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north by France,, with whom it shares ancestry and has cultural proximity. It is largely consistent with the geographic position of the western part of the Iberian peninsula, located on the extreme southwest of continental Europe. There are clear connections with Mediterranean people The Mediterranean race was one of the three sub-categories into which the Caucasian race and the people of Europe were divided by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, following the publication of William Z. Ripley's book "The Races of Europe" . The others were Nordic and Alpine as well as with those of Atlantic Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. The term may refer to the idea of Atlantic Europe as a cultural unit and/or as an biogeographical region and Western Europe Western Europe refers to the countries generally in the westernmost half of Europe, but the definition is complex and carries political connotations. As a result, geographically eastern countries that steered clear of Soviet influence during the Cold War are usually included, while Western members of the former Eastern Bloc (Czech Republic, Poland). Dark to medium brown hair Brown hair varies from light brown to almost black hair. It is characterized by higher levels of the dark pigment eumelanin and lower levels of the pale pigment phaeomelanin. Its strands are thicker than those of fair hair but not as much as those of red hair. People with brown hair are often referred to as brunettes, the feminine form, and and brown and hazel eyes predominate in a majority of Portuguese people, however, blond Blond or fair-hair , is a hair color characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The resultant visible hue depends on various factors, but always has some sort of yellowish color. The color can be from the very pale blond (caused by a patchy, scarce distribution of pigment) to reddish "strawberry" blond colors or golden- hair and blue or green eyes Eyes are organs that detect light, and send signals along the optic nerve to the visual and other areas of the brain[citation needed]. Complex optical systems with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in cnidaria, molluscs, are also found with some regular frequency. Chestnut and auburn colored hair types occur generally. Light, true red hair (meaning red shades that are non-auburn) is seen on occasion.

Ancestry

Historical origins

The Portuguese are a southwestern European The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. European ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe population, with origins predominantly from Atlantic Europe Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. The term may refer to the idea of Atlantic Europe as a cultural unit and/or as an biogeographical region, Western Europe Western Europe refers to the countries generally in the westernmost half of Europe, but the definition is complex and carries political connotations. As a result, geographically eastern countries that steered clear of Soviet influence during the Cold War are usually included, while Western members of the former Eastern Bloc (Czech Republic, Poland) and the Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea off the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The name Mediterranean means "in the middle of the land". It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km² , but.

The earliest modern humans A human is a member of a species of bipedal primates in the family Hominidae . DNA and fossil evidence indicates that modern humans originated in east Africa about 200,000 years ago. When compared to other animals and primates, humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection and problem solving. This inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic (genus Homo) peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the as early as 35,000-40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome The Y chromosome is the sex-determining chromosome in most mammals, including humans. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, thus determining sex. The human Y chromosome is composed of about 60 million base pairs and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic Lower Paleolithic (genus Homo) peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation The last glacial period was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, occurring in the Pleistocene epoch. It began about 110,000 years ago and ended about 9,600 - 9,700 BC. During this period there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat. The maximum extent of glaciation was approximately 18,000 years ago. While around 45,000 years ago.

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red). See also this map for distribution in Europe.

Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice-age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from what is now Northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic The Mesolithic or "Middle Stone Age" was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age. The term was introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times, published in 1865. The term was, however, not much used until V. Gordon Childe popularized it in, links modern Iberians Iberian refers to Iberia, which has two basic meanings, the disused, of Caucasian Iberia , and the modern sense of someone or something originating in the Iberian Peninsula, namely from Portugal and Spain. It may refer to: to the populations of much of Western Europe Western Europe refers to the countries generally in the westernmost half of Europe, but the definition is complex and carries political connotations. As a result, geographically eastern countries that steered clear of Soviet influence during the Cold War are usually included, while Western members of the former Eastern Bloc (Czech Republic, Poland) and particularly the British Isles The term derives from the adjective British and the plural of the noun isle. In classical Latin the plural term Britannicae insulae, was rarely used, though the singular Britannia insula was used denoting Great Britain only. In Old English the term Breotone ealond 'Britain's islands' dates to the 10th century and Atlantic Europe Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. The term may refer to the idea of Atlantic Europe as a cultural unit and/or as an biogeographical region. Recent books published by geneticists Bryan Sykes, Stephen Oppenheimer Stephen Oppenheimer , a British physician, a member of Green College, Oxford and an honorary fellow of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, carries out and publishes research in the field of genetics and Spencer Wells Spencer Wells is a geneticist and anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the National Geographic Society. He leads The Genographic Project have argued the large Paleolithic and Mesolithic Iberian influence in the modern day Irish The Irish people are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies), with the Irish people's earliest ancestors recorded as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolgs, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians (in legend - there is no, Welsh The Welsh are an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language. John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman departure from Britain, although Celtic languages seem to have been spoken in Wales far longer. As with all ethnic and Scottish Christianity ; other minority groups; agnostics and atheists gene-pool as well as parts of the English Traditionally Christianity, mostly Anglicanism, but also non-conformists and also Roman Catholics (see Catholic Emancipation). Minority Islam, Hinduism, Judaism and others (See Religion in England). Indeed, Y-chromosome haplogroup In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup from Haplotypes. A SNP test confirms a haplogroup. Haplogroups are assigned R1b (of Paleolithic origin) is the most common haplogroup in practically all of the Iberian peninsula and western Europe[2]. Within the R1b haplogroup there are modal haplotypes The term haplotype is a contraction of the term 'haploid genotype'. In genetics, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at multiple loci that are transmitted together on the same chromosome. Haplotype may refer to as few as two loci or to an entire chromosome depending on the number of recombination events that have occurred between a given set. One of the best-characterized of these haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reaches 33% generally and higher than 90% in some of the northern regions of the country.

The Neolithic The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipalaeolithic periods, beginning with the rise of farming, which produced the " colonization of Europe from Western Asia Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia is the southwestern portion of Asia. West Asia or Western Asia are roughly analogous terms that are used, for example, in the United Nations subregion geoscheme and in writings about the archeology and the late prehistory of the region. Unlike the Middle East, which is broadly defined to include several North and the Middle East The Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, southeastern Europe and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The term "Middle East" was popularized around 1900 in the United Kingdom. The corresponding adjective to Middle East is Middle-Eastern and the beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Iberia, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the demic diffusion model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent.[3][4]

Starting in the 3rd millennium BC It represents a period of time in which imperialism, or the desire to conquer, grew to prominence, in the city states of the Middle East, but also throughout Eurasia, with Indo-European expansion to Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia. The civilization of Ancient Egypt rises to a peak with the Old Kingdom. World population is estimated to have as well as in the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Iberia of speakers of Indo-European languages occurred. These were later (7th and 5th Centuries BC) followed by others that can be identified as Celts.

Eventually urban cultures developed in southern Iberia, such as Tartessos, influenced by the Phoenician colonization of coastal Mediterranean Iberia, with strong competition from the Greek colonization.

Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [4].

These two processes defined Iberia's, and Portugal's, cultural landscape - Mediterranean towards the southeast and a Continental in the northwest, as historian José Mattoso describes it.[5] Given the origins from Paleolithic and Neolithic settlers as well as Indo-European migrations, one can say that the Portuguese ethnic origin is mainly a mixture of pre-Roman Pre-Indo-Europeans (such as, in other parts of Iberia, the Iberians, Tartessians and Aquitanians), Pre-Celtic, Proto-Celtic and Celtic peoples, producing peoples such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania, the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici and the Cynetes of the Alentejo and the Algarve.

The Romans were an important influence on Portuguese culture, considering the Portuguese language itself derives from Latin.

Other influences included the Phoenicians/Carthaginians (small semi-permanent commercial coastal establishments in the south before 200 BC), the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and the Sarmatian Alans (both migrated to North Africa, while some were partially integrated by the Visigoths and Suevi), and the Visigoths and Suevi (including the Buri, permanently established in the early 5th century), along with, in the period of the Al-Andalus, numbers of Arabs and Berbers, Saqaliba (people of Slavic origin) and Jews who also settled in what is today Portuguese territory.

For the Y-chromosome and MtDNA lineages of the Portuguese and other peoples see this map and this one.

Other historical influences

General

The ancestry of modern Portuguese has been influenced by the many people which have passed on its territory throughout history. These people include the Pre-Indo-European people of Iberia, Proto-Celts and Celts (such as the Lusitanians, Calaicians, Celtici, Cynetes and other Pre-Roman People of the Iberian Peninsula, such as other minor local tribes as the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi and Zoelae), Phoenicians (Punics), Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Suebi, Visigoths, Alans, Buri, Vikings, Byzantines, Saqaliba (Slavs), Berbers and Arabs (Moors), and Jews (Sephardim or Marranos).

Genetic impact of Muslim rule

There exists a number of studies which focus on the genetic impact of the eight centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus) on the genetic make up of the Iberian population. Recent studies agree that there is some genetic relationship between some regions in Iberia and some North African populations as a result of this period of history. Iberia is the region in Europe which has the most significant presence of E-M81[6][7], U6 and Haplotype Va[8], although this influence may be the result of ancient demic processes that predate the Islamic presence[9], and may constitute the result of some common western Mediterranean population background. In Portugal, North Africans Y-DNA haplogroups (especially the typically North West African Y-chromosome haplotypes E-M81) are found at a total frequency of 7.1 %[10]. Some mtDNA studies also found evidence of the characteristic North African haplogroup U6 especially in northern Portugal[11][12]. Although the absolute frequency of U6 is low (4-6%), Gonzalez et al. 2003 estimated a possible North African ancestry proportion of 27% in North Portugal, because U6 is not a common lineage in North Africa itself[13].

Nevertheless, the North African and Arab element in modern day Iberian ancestry is exceedingly trivial when compared to the pre-Islamic ancestral basis, and the Gibraltar Strait seems to have functioned much more as a genetic barrier than a bridge.[14][15][16].

Middle-Eastern genetic markers

According to a recent study that was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics in December 2008 by Adams et al., about 30 percent of modern Portuguese (23.6 in the north and 36.3 in the south) have DNA reflecting what can be a male Sephardic Jewish ancestry and about 14 % (11.8 in the north and 16.1% in the south) have a probable Moorish ancestry[17]. Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants. In agreement with the historical record, analysis of haplotype sharing and diversity within specific haplogroups suggests that the Sephardic Jewish component is more ancient than the Moorish one. [18][19]

Sub-Saharan genetic markers

Portugal is also the region in Europe with the highest frequency of the female mediated mtDNA haplogroup L of Sub-Saharan origin, likely a result of Berber and Arab colonization. According to a study by Pereira et al. 2005 that analysed 549 Portuguese individuals, sub-Saharan mtDNA L haplogroups were found at rates of 11.38% in the south, 5.02% in the center and 3.21% in the north[20][21]. Brehm at al. 2003 also found a significant Sub-Saharan imprint in the Autonomous regions of Portugal, with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in Madeira and 3.4 % in the Azores[22].

Demography

Demographics of Portugal

Main article: Demographics of Portugal

There are around 10 to 10.2 million native Portuguese in Portugal, out of a total population of 10.75 million (estimate).

Native minority languages in Portugal

A small minority of about 15,000 speak the Mirandese language, close to Leonese [23] in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso and Mogadouro - even if all of the speakers are bilingual with Portuguese.

An even smaller minority of no more than 2,000 people speak Barranquenho, a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Extremaduran, spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain, and Portugal).

Ethnic minorities in Portugal

People from the former colonies (namely Brazil, Africa - Afro-Portuguese, and parts of India) have, in the last two to three decades, migrated to Portugal.[24] More recently, a great number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now the third biggest ethnic minority [25]), are also migrating to Portugal. There is also a small Chinese minority.

There is also a small minority of Gypsies (Ciganos) of about 40,000 people[26] and an even smaller minority of Jews of about 5,000 persons (some Ashkenazi, the majority Sephardi, such as the Belmonte Jews).

Minorities of Portuguese descent

Country Total
Total 5,485,373
Europe 1,806,292
France 798,837
United Kingdom 500,000 [27]
Germany 170,000
Switzerland 152,826
Spain 126,651 [28]
Luxembourg 54,490
Belgium 38,000
Rest of Europe 28,422
Americas 3,281,853
United States 1,471,549[29]
Brazil 1,200,000[30]
Venezuela 550,000 [31]
Canada 415,000
Guyana 50,000[27]
Bermuda 2,400[32]
Rest of the Americas 24,776
Africa 731,228
South Africa 300,000
Angola 367,908[33]
Mozambique 54,355[34]
Rest of Africa 8,965
Asia 30,000
Oceania 56,000

In the whole world there are easily more than one hundred million people with recognizable Portuguese ancestors, due to the colonial expansion and worldwide immigration of Portuguese from the 16th century onwards to India, the Americas, Macau and East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia and Africa. Between 1886 and 1966, Portugal lost to emigration more than any West European country except Ireland.[35] From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States.[36] About 40 million Brazilians have relatively recent Portuguese background, due to massive immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[citation needed] About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.[30] Significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in[37]: (see table)

Portuguese Sephardic Jews (mostly descendants) are also important in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil[38] and Turkey.

In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, and California. In the Pacific, Hawaii has a sizable Portuguese element that goes back 150 years (see Portuguese Americans and Luso Americans). Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940 (see Portuguese Canadians). Argentina and Uruguay had Portuguese immigration in the early 20th century. Portuguese fishermen, farmers and laborers dispersed across the Caribbean, especially Bermuda (10% of the population)[39], Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891)[40], Trinidad[41] and the island of Barbados where there is high influence from the Portuguese community.[42]

In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged white emigration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, there were up to 1 million Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces.[43] An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, while others moved to Brazil and south to South Africa.[44]

As of 1989, some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the United States.[45]

Portuguese constitute 13% of the population of Luxembourg. In 2006 there were estimates to be over half a million people of Portuguese origin in the United Kingdom (see Portuguese in the United Kingdom), this is considerably larger than the around 50,000 Portuguese born people alone residing in the country in 2001 (however this figure doesn't include British born people of Portuguese descent). In areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, the Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30% of the population, 20% and 3% respectively. The British capital London is home to the largest number of Portuguese people in the UK, with the majority being found in Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster.[27]

As a result of interracial marriage and cultural influence, there are Portuguese influenced people with their own culture and Portuguese based dialects in parts of the world other than former Portuguese colonies, most notably in Malaysia and Singapore (see Kristang people), Barbados, Aruba, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana (see Portuguese immigrants in Guyana), Equatorial Guinea and Sri Lanka (see Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers).

How many Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry?

This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help by adding relevant internal links, or by improving the article's layout. (November 2008)

There are no exact figures about the number of Brazilians of Portuguese descent, as the Portuguese immigration to Brazil is as old a phenomenon as the country's colonization and happened in different immigration waves during the last centuries (see Portuguese-Brazilian and White Latin American).

Portuguese immigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500, until present day in 1990 Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
Decade
Nationality 1500-1700 1701-1760 1808-1817 1827-1829 1837-1841 1856-1857 1881-1900 1901-1930 1931-1950 1951-1960 1961-1967 1981-1991
Portuguese 100,000 600,000 24,000 2,004 629 16,108 316,204 754,147 148,699 235,635 54,767 4,605

Even with Portuguese heritage, many Portuguese-Brazilians identify themselves as being simply Brazilians, since Portuguese culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of Brazil (like many British Americans in the United States who will never describe themselves as of British extraction, but only as "Americans").

In 1872, there were 3.7 million Whites in Brazil (the vast majority of them of Portuguese ancestry), 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Native American ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks. These numbers give the percentage of 80% of people with total or partial Portuguese ancestry in Brazil in the 1870s.[46]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of immigrants from Portugal arrived. From 1881 to 1991, over 1.5 million Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. In 1906, for example, there were 133,393 Portuguese-born people living in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio is, still today, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal itself.[47][48]

Genetic studies also confirm the strong Portuguese racial influence in Brazilians. According to a study, at least half of the Brazilian population's Y Chromosome comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, most of them may come from Portuguese ancestors.[49]

It was estimated that around 5 million Brazilians can acquire Portuguese citizenship, due to the last Portuguese nationality law that grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals.[50]

See also

Portuguese diaspora
Origin Portugal
Europe France · Germany · Luxembourg · United Kingdom
Africa Portuguese Africans: Angola · Mozambique · South Africa
Americas Brazil · Canada · Guyana · United States · Venezuela
Oceania Australia
Partial Portuguese ethnogenesis Brazilians · Cape Verdeans · Kristangs · Macanese · Portuguese Burghers · São Toméan · Spanish and Portuguese Jews
Topics related to Portugal
History Timeline of Portuguese history · Kings of Portugal · Oestriminis & Ophiussa · Hispania · Lusitania & Gallaecia · Lusitanians · Suebi & Buri · Visigoths · First County of Portugal · Second County of Portugal · Establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal · Order of Christ · 1383–1385 Crisis · Battle of Aljubarrota · Consolidation of Portugal · Discoveries Odyssey · Treaty of Tordesillas · Portuguese Empire · 1755 Lisbon earthquake · Peninsular War · Liberal Wars · Estado Novo · Carnation Revolution · Military history
Politics Constitution · Presidents of Portugal · Assembly of the Republic · Government of Portugal · Political parties · Council of State · Foreign relations · Elections · Political divisions · Flag & Coat of arms
Geography Estrela Mtns. · Volcanoes · Gerês (National Park) · Regions · Islands (Azores · Madeira) · Rivers · Roman Geography of Portugal · Cities (Greater Lisbon · Greater Porto) · Municipalities · Exclusive Economic Zone
Economy Euro (Portuguese coins) · Companies · Bank of Portugal · Economic history · Agriculture · Fishing · Euronext Lisbon (PSI-20) · Telecommunications · Transportation (Lisbon Metro · Porto Metro)
Demographics Portuguese people · Languages (Portuguese & History of Portuguese · Mirandese · Barranquenho) · Immigration to Portugal
Religion Lusitanian mythology · Catholic Church (Patriarch of Lisbon · Ecclesiastical history of Braga · Portuguese Inquisition · Our Lady of Fatima) · History of the Jews in Portugal & Belmonte Jews · Portuguese Inquisition · Islam in Portugal · Hinduism in Portugal
Culture Music (Fado · Hip Hop Tuga · Pimba · Portuguese rock · Portuguese guitar · Cavaquinho) · Literature · Cuisine · Wines (Port wine · Madeira wine · Verde wine) · Sport · Bullfighting · Architecture · Cinema · Higher education (Universities and colleges) · Science and technology · Monuments · Portuguese sidewalk
Other List of Portuguese People · Portuguese birds · Internet · Scouting Federation of Portugal · Lusophilia & Lusophobia · Lusophone & Lusitanic · Crime · Racism · Prostitution · Law enforcement
See also: Portal

References

  1. ^ According to official data from the Portuguese Government. The following figures are also from that same source. Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP - DGACCP/DAX/DID - Maio 1999.
  2. ^ "Summarized Percent Frequencies of R1b, R1a, I1b* (xM26), E3b1 and J2e". Oxford Journals. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
  3. ^ "Estimating the impact of Prehistoric Admixture of the Genome of Europeans". Oxford Journals. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
  4. ^ "Testing the Choice of Hybrid and Parental Populations". Oxford Journals. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361#F04. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
  5. ^ Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese).
  6. ^ "Phylogeny and frequency distributions of Hg E and its main subclades". May 2004. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181965&rendertype=figure&id=FG1.
  7. ^ Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMID 15069642.
  8. ^ Gérard N, Berriche S, Aouizérate A, Diéterlen F, Lucotte G (June 2006). "North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes". Hum. Biol. 78 (3): 307–16. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0045. PMID 17216803.
  9. ^ A recent and thorough study about Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal revealed The mtDNA and Y data indicate that the Berber presence in that region dates prior to the Moorish expansion in 711 AD [...] Our data indicates that male Berbers, unlike sub-Saharan immigrants, constituted a long-lasting and continuous community in the country - Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry
  10. ^ "Frequencies of E1b1b1b, E1b1b1a-b and J1 chromosomes with 0-1-steps neighbour chromosome within the NW African dataset",Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe, Capelli et al. 2009
  11. ^ Mitochondrial DNA Affinities at the Atlantic Fringe of Europe, Gonzalez et al. . 2003
  12. ^ "The most probable associated historical event is obviously the Islamic invasion of Iberia (A.D. 711), because it was carried out mainly by a North African contingent, most of it composed of recently converted Berbers. Nevertheless, this explanation meets some difficulties. In fact, Islamic rule lasted until almost the end of the 13th century in southern Portugal and the 15th century in southern Spain, whereas some regions in northern Iberia, such as northern Portugal, Galicia, and Basque Country, studied here, remained untouched (or were contacted just slightly by sporadic raids). Thus it appears paradoxical that the highest frequencies for this haplogroup are to be found in northern Iberia and in northern Portugal, in particular. The reasons for that distribution are probably to remain historically obscure because of the absence of quantified records. We can at least speculate that during the first period of the Reconquista (involving only the north), interbreeding between Christians and (female) Muslims (not necessarily slaves) was easier than in the final period. Indeed, during the first period, not only were many Moorish slaves (particularly females) recorded, but also special privileges were given to them in the charters of new (or refounded) towns, whereas during the second period (in the south) the Islamic communities were, at least in urban areas, isolated into ghettos (mourarias) and the colonization and/or repeopling of rural areas was performed by the already vast demographic surpluses from the north (Gomes 1999).", African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times, Pereira et al. 2005
  13. ^ "Our results clearly reinforce, extend, and clarify the preliminary clues of an important mtDNA contribution from northwest Africa into the Iberian Peninsula. (...) our own data allow us to make minimal estimates of the maternal African pre-Neolithic, Neolithic, and/or recent slave trade input into Iberia. For the former, we consider only the mean value of the U6 frequency in northern African populations, excluding Saharans, Tuareg, and Mauritanians (16%), as the pre-Neolithic frequency in that area, and the present frequency in the whole Iberian Peninsula (2.3%) as the result of the northwest African gene flow at that time. The value obtained (14%) could be as high as 35% using the data of Corte-Real et al. (1996), or 27% with our north Portugal sample. In the same vein, the Saharan Neolithic gene flow can be estimated as 13%, taking the actual frequencies for the sub-Saharan African haplogroups (51%) in southern northwest African samples (Tuareg, Saharans, and Mauritanians) as the frequency of the African Neolithic, and that of the Iberian Peninsula (6.8%) as the result of the putative Neolithic maternal gene flow. This value could rise to 23% when only south Portugal is taken into account.", Mitochondrial DNA Affinities at the Atlantic Fringe of Europe, Gonzalez et al. . 2003
  14. ^ Dupanloup, I et al., Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(7):1361-1372. 2004.
  15. ^ Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J (April 2001). "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 (4): 1019–29. doi:10.1086/319521. PMID 11254456.
  16. ^ Comas D, Calafell F, Benchemsi N, et al. (October 2000). "Alu insertion polymorphisms in NW Africa and the Iberian Peninsula: evidence for a strong genetic boundary through the Gibraltar Straits". Hum. Genet. 107 (4): 312–9. doi:10.1007/s004390000370. PMID 11129330. http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00439/bibs/0107004/01070312.htm.
  17. ^ The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, Adams et al. 2008
  18. ^ "Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin", [1]
  19. ^ "They are really assuming that they are looking at this migration of Jewish immigrants, but the same lineages could have been introduced in the Neolithic" said Stephen Oppenheimer. On the other hand, Chris Tyler-Smith, an expert on Y-chromosome genetics and a collaborator with the team that carried the study [2], argues that the individual differences in Y-chromosome markers suggest that Iberians and Sephardic Jews must share ancestry more recent than several millennia, [3].
  20. ^ Pereira L, Cunha C, Alves C, Amorim A (April 2005). "African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times". Hum. Biol. 77 (2): 213–29. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0041. PMID 16201138.
  21. ^ Sub-Saharan DNA admixture in Europe
  22. ^ Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers, Brehm et al. 2003
  23. ^ Unesco.org
  24. ^ Charis Dunn-Chan ,Portugal sees integration progress, BBC
  25. ^ http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142#0
  26. ^ European Roma Rights Centre
  27. ^ a b c "UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk". NewswireToday. http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/10592/. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.
  28. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística National Institute of Statistics (Spain).
  29. ^ Portuguese in the US statistics U.S. Census Bureau
  30. ^ a b Recently Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil
  31. ^ PRODUCTO online 247: De padres inmigrantes
  32. ^ Joshua project country profile - Bermuda Ethnic groups - Bermuda
  33. ^ Angola: History, Geography, Government, and Culture Infoplease.com
  34. ^ Mozambique: History, Geography, Government, and Culture Infoplease.com
  35. ^ Portugal - Emigration
  36. ^ Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration
  37. ^ Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP - DGACCP/DAX/DID - Maio 1999.
  38. ^ Portuguese Jews in Brazil - in Portuguese
  39. ^ BERMUDA
  40. ^ Portuguese emigration from Madeira to British Guiana
  41. ^ The Portuguese in Trinidad and Tobago
  42. ^ The Portuguese of the West Indies
  43. ^ Portugal - Emigration, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
  44. ^ Dismantling the Portuguese Empire, Time Magazine (Monday, Jul. 07, 1975)
  45. ^ Portugal Migration, The Encyclopedia of the Nations
  46. ^ Evolution of Brazilian population according to "colour" (Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor), in Reis, J.J., "Presença Negra: conflitos e encontros", in Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, p. 94.
  47. ^ Venâncio, R.P., "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes", in Brasil 500 anos, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
  48. ^ Carvalho, R., Pelos mesmos direitos do imigrante, 2003, Observatório da Imprensa from the State University of Campinas (Brazil).
  49. ^ Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD (January 2003). "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (1): 177–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100. PMID 12509516.
  50. ^ Cinco milhões de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses

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